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求解偏微分方程开源有限元软件deal.II学习--Step 4

引子

deal.II有一个特性,叫作”维度无关的编程“。前面的例子中,很多类都有一个尖括号括起的数字的后缀。
这意味着该类能作用在不同的维度上,而不同维度的计算代码基本相同,这能显著地减少重复代码。这正是C++的模板template的拿手好戏。
在Step4中,将显示程序怎样维度无关的编程,具体是将step3中的Laplace问题同时在二维和三维上求解,以及右端项不再是常量、边界值不再为0。

程序解析

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#include <deal.II/grid/tria.h>
#include <deal.II/dofs/dof_handler.h>
#include <deal.II/grid/grid_generator.h>
#include <deal.II/grid/tria_accessor.h>
#include <deal.II/grid/tria_iterator.h>
#include <deal.II/dofs/dof_accessor.h>
#include <deal.II/fe/fe_q.h>
#include <deal.II/dofs/dof_tools.h>
#include <deal.II/fe/fe_values.h>
#include <deal.II/base/quadrature_lib.h>
#include <deal.II/base/function.h>
#include <deal.II/numerics/vector_tools.h>
#include <deal.II/numerics/matrix_tools.h>
#include <deal.II/lac/vector.h>
#include <deal.II/lac/full_matrix.h>
#include <deal.II/lac/sparse_matrix.h>
#include <deal.II/lac/dynamic_sparsity_pattern.h>
#include <deal.II/lac/solver_cg.h>
#include <deal.II/lac/precondition.h>
#include <deal.II/numerics/data_out.h>
#include <fstream>
#include <iostream>
#include <deal.II/base/logstream.h>
using namespace dealii;

最后一个头文件logstream是为了压缩输出信息。
下面就是step4类,它的形式跟step3相同,只不过将之前的2维改成这里的dim,相应地改用了类模板的形式。

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template <int dim>
class Step4
{
public:
Step4 ();
void run ();
private:
void make_grid ();
void setup_system();
void assemble_system ();
void solve ();
void output_results () const;
Triangulation<dim> triangulation;
FE_Q<dim> fe;
DoFHandler<dim> dof_handler;
SparsityPattern sparsity_pattern;
SparseMatrix<double> system_matrix;
Vector<double> solution;
Vector<double> system_rhs;
};

下面的右端项和边界条件也都是类模板的形式:
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template <int dim>
class RightHandSide : public Function<dim>
{
public:
RightHandSide () : Function<dim>() {}
virtual double value (const Point<dim> &p,
const unsigned int component = 0) const;
};
template <int dim>
class BoundaryValues : public Function<dim>
{
public:
BoundaryValues () : Function<dim>() {}
virtual double value (const Point<dim> &p,
const unsigned int component = 0) const;
};

可以看出,两者都是继承自Function类,其中的value函数是一个虚函数,需要自定义一下:
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template <int dim>
double RightHandSide<dim>::value (const Point<dim> &p,
const unsigned int / *component* /) const
{
double return_value = 0.0;
for (unsigned int i=0; i<dim; ++i)
return_value += 4.0 * std::pow(p(i), 4.0);
return return_value;
}

其中,Point代表n维的点,可以用圆括号来访问它的分量。
右端项同理:
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template <int dim>
double BoundaryValues<dim>::value (const Point<dim> &p,
const unsigned int / *component* /) const
{
return p.square();
}

只是这里取的右端项正好是点的平方,所以直接调用平方函数即可。
下面是step4的具体应用,它的每个成员函数的具体实现前面也要加template。
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template <int dim>
Step4<dim>::Step4 ()
:
fe (1),
dof_handler (triangulation)
{}
template <int dim>
void Step4<dim>::make_grid ()
{
GridGenerator::hyper_cube (triangulation, -1, 1);
triangulation.refine_global (4);
std::cout << " Number of active cells: "
<< triangulation.n_active_cells()
<< std::endl
<< " Total number of cells: "
<< triangulation.n_cells()
<< std::endl;
}
template <int dim>
void Step4<dim>::setup_system ()
{
dof_handler.distribute_dofs (fe);
std::cout << " Number of degrees of freedom: "
<< dof_handler.n_dofs()
<< std::endl;
DynamicSparsityPattern dsp(dof_handler.n_dofs());
DoFTools::make_sparsity_pattern (dof_handler, dsp);
sparsity_pattern.copy_from(dsp);
system_matrix.reinit (sparsity_pattern);
solution.reinit (dof_handler.n_dofs());
system_rhs.reinit (dof_handler.n_dofs());
}

以上是其构造函数、make_grid和setup_system成员函数,跟step3中基本相同,差别就是加入了dim。
以下就是跟之前不同了,这里使用的是非常量的右端项和非零边界条件,与前面稍有不同,体现在代码上也是稍有不同:
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template <int dim>
void Step4<dim>::assemble_system ()
{
QGauss<dim> quadrature_formula(2);

对于非常量的rhs,需要创建它的一个对象:
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const RightHandSide<dim> right_hand_side;

为了对每个单元都计算右端项,还得需要单元上的积分点信息,所以得在FEValues说明一下需要更新积分点信息:
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FEValues<dim> fe_values (fe, quadrature_formula,
update_values | update_gradients |
update_quadrature_points | update_JxW_values);


然后就是对单元上的矩阵和右端项的计算:
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const unsigned int dofs_per_cell = fe.dofs_per_cell;
const unsigned int n_q_points = quadrature_formula.size();
FullMatrix<double> cell_matrix (dofs_per_cell, dofs_per_cell);
Vector<double> cell_rhs (dofs_per_cell);
std::vector<types::global_dof_index> local_dof_indices (dofs_per_cell);
typename DoFHandler<dim>::active_cell_iterator
cell = dof_handler.begin_active(),
endc = dof_handler.end();
for (; cell!=endc; ++cell)
{
fe_values.reinit (cell);
cell_matrix = 0;
cell_rhs = 0;
for (unsigned int q_index=0; q_index<n_q_points; ++q_index)
for (unsigned int i=0; i<dofs_per_cell; ++i)
{
for (unsigned int j=0; j<dofs_per_cell; ++j)
cell_matrix(i,j) += (fe_values.shape_grad (i, q_index) *
fe_values.shape_grad (j, q_index) *
fe_values.JxW (q_index));
cell_rhs(i) += (fe_values.shape_value (i, q_index) *
right_hand_side.value (fe_values.quadrature_point (q_index)) *
fe_values.JxW (q_index));
}

这里就将rhs和matrix同时在一个循环中计算。另外,在cell_rhs的计算时,乘以的不再是1,而是函数在积分点上的值。
然后再组装整体:
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cell->get_dof_indices (local_dof_indices);
for (unsigned int i=0; i<dofs_per_cell; ++i)
{
for (unsigned int j=0; j<dofs_per_cell; ++j)
system_matrix.add (local_dof_indices[i],
local_dof_indices[j],
cell_matrix(i,j));
system_rhs(local_dof_indices[i]) += cell_rhs(i);
}
}

可以看出,这里已将两个循环合并。
然后就是将不为0的边界条件加入,就是将step3中的ZeroFunction换成上面的BoundaryValues类的对象:
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std::map<types::global_dof_index,double> boundary_values;
VectorTools::interpolate_boundary_values (dof_handler,
0,
BoundaryValues<dim>(),
boundary_values);
MatrixTools::apply_boundary_values (boundary_values,
system_matrix,
solution,
system_rhs);
}

下面是求解了:
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template <int dim>
void Step4<dim>::solve ()
{
SolverControl solver_control (1000, 1e-12);
SolverCG<> solver (solver_control);
solver.solve (system_matrix, solution, system_rhs,
PreconditionIdentity());
std::cout << " " << solver_control.last_step()
<< " CG iterations needed to obtain convergence."
<< std::endl;
}

跟之前差不多,只是这里手动输出迭代步数。
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template <int dim>
void Step4<dim>::output_results () const
{
DataOut<dim> data_out;
data_out.attach_dof_handler (dof_handler);
data_out.add_data_vector (solution, "solution");
data_out.build_patches ();
std::ofstream output (dim == 2 ?
"solution-2d.vtk" :
"solution-3d.vtk");
data_out.write_vtk (output);
}

输出文件的格式也由gnuplot改成了VTK格式。也将2维和3维的数据用不同的文件名区分。
run函数无须多说:
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template <int dim>
void Step4<dim>::run ()
{
std::cout << "Solving problem in " << dim << " space dimensions." << std::endl;
make_grid();
setup_system ();
assemble_system ();
solve ();
output_results ();
}

main函数如下:
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int main ()
{
deallog.depth_console (0);
{
Step4<2> laplace_problem_2d;
laplace_problem_2d.run ();
}
{
Step4<3> laplace_problem_3d;
laplace_problem_3d.run ();
}
return 0;
}

2d和3d的切换是如此从容,注意:这里用花括号将两者分开,是为了及时销毁变量和释放内存。

计算结果

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Solving problem in 2 space dimensions.
Number of active cells: 256
Total number of cells: 341
Number of degrees of freedom: 289
26 CG iterations needed to obtain convergence.
Solving problem in 3 space dimensions.
Number of active cells: 4096
Total number of cells: 4681
Number of degrees of freedom: 4913
30 CG iterations needed to obtain convergence.

可以看出3维时的自由度数要大很多,计算量也相应增大。
2维计算结果为:

3维计算结果为: